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In Environmental Services Lies Part of the solution to the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest
The Amazon forest has become an important issue in discussions on climate change, given its importance, not only as carbon sinks but also as a reservoir of biological diversity, and natural water and climate regulation. Its preservation is a necessity, and not subject to discussion. Gone are the days of fierce fighting between the tree-huggers Environmentalists and developers a single mind. Both sides have moved: the most ecologists recognize and appreciate the need improve living conditions and government Developer / begin to understand the need for cooperation on environmental issues that impact both locally and globally. Fresh in everyone's mind is simultaneously drought in the Amazon, 2005 and Hurricane Katrina caused the hurricane season in the Caribbean.
Amid unprecedented understanding of the environmental damage could conclude that the conservation of the Amazon should be, but a consequence. However, for the 25 million Brazilians who live in the woods equation is unchanged: the forest is worth more lying than standing. Cattle ranching, logging, agriculture and be more profitable the sustainable extraction nuts, oils and essences. Traditionally, the forestry law is too bureaucratic for small landowners, the earth is too abundant and inexpensive for any person to keep, and monitoring and enforcement too lax of the formality that is worth. However, the Brazilian institutions have improved in the areas of monitoring and enforcement, increasing the costs of informality. This change of equation had the desired effect of reducing deforestation. An unintended consequence, however, it has been the reduction of productivity in a large many of the poorest areas and the traditionally more informal.
The Federal Government of Brazil has tried in part by the Bolsa Familia program, which is a transfer payment to poor families. State governments have developed alternatives. In Amazonia, the Brazilian state over large (2.3 times the size of Texas), located in the western Brazilian Amazon state policies focused on increasing incentives to work sustainable through:
- setting minimum prices for goods produced sustainably, as oil, gasoline and rubber;
- the establishment of forests of the Exchange, a transfer payment to families living in forests, in exchange for failure, monitoring of deforestation by satellite;
- five times more investment in science and technology research, seeking development of advanced technologies that the economic balance towards sustainability;
- technical assistance small current owners, as well as courses in distance education across the state in forestry, forest management and fish;
- Grants of land tenure to give ownership to the land they occupy, attributing their rights and duties;
- the granting of preferential financing for small projects in areas designated as sustainable farming Fish, Wildlife Management Lake, honey production, etc.
Monitoring and enforcement are also increased, but as a way to support the above initiatives.
All these efforts aim to rebalance the equation of the forest are in good standing forest to the people in it, but aim to include externalities in the equation. It is important to remember that externalities include: climate change around the world, changes in precipitation at the regional and loss of biodiversity in the world. Most of these externalities are felt outside Brazil and we have therefore the subject of environmental assessment services. Currently, the State Amazonas and the Brazilian government to assume these costs more often outside their own budgets. Amazonas budget of around $ 1000 per citizen per year is barely enough to cover universal health care and education of our population of 3.5 million, incentive and even least reduce deforestation, which are not compatible with any other source. A return ticket to fly to Manaus, capital of the state, to Tabatinga the state border, is often greater than 1000 USD.
The ability to assess environmental services, most known of which is carbon credits, the Amazon is the greatest opportunity in history. In an innovative structure, together with Marriott to preserve the protected area of 500 hectares, offering better living conditions of people living in it, in exchange for the provision of environmental services the likely future reduction in carbon emissions. This reserve, in the Juma River, is in the arc (ie deforestation probably have been cleared in a status quo scenario) and addresses social improvements, support sustainable development, transfer payments and the observer force to be rewarded with VERs (voluntary reduction of carbon emissions) and by the standards of the BCC, due primarily to reduced deforestation expected.
Most important in this project is to achieve a strong economic incentive for standing forests. With strong international partners such as Marriott, the Amazon will be able to reach a scenario where deforestation, already at a low level (approximately 750 square kilometers or 0.05% of the state is cleared each year) would be zero. However, these actions are still a drop in the ocean Following the political efforts and initiatives undertaken in the environmental field. A global framework for environmental services is necessary. The new version the Kyoto Protocol, currently being negotiated under the Convention United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) should include an assessment of environmental services, if we go forward, not only in the Amazon, but also through tropical forest lands. As committed as we are with this objective, funding the State Government alone can not support the wide variety of actions needed, and yet, as the profits must be shared all of us, it would be unfair to rely solely on our local estimates.
About the Author
Secretary for Planning and Economic Development, State of Amazonas, Brazil
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